FOREIGN OFFICE FILES FOR JAPAN AND THE FAR EAST

Series Two: British Foreign Office Files for Post-War Japan, 1952-1980

(Public Record Office Classes FO 371 and FCO 21)

Part 8: Complete Files for 1972-1974

(PRO Class FCO 21/959-960, 1026-1054, 1082-1085, 1144-1172, 1212-1217 and 1275-1306)

Brief Chronology, 1971-1973

January 1971

[22] Mr Sato announces in the Diet that Sino-Japanese normalisation is on the political agenda for the near future. Mr Sato, for the first time, uses China’s official name, ‘the People’s Republic of China’.

April 1971

[15] The Japanese Diplomatic Record Office is opened in Tokyo as an archive facility of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Japan.

[24] A tsunami 85m high rises over Ryuku Islands in Japan. It throws a 750 ton block of coral 2.5km inland.

[-] Trade Unions. 36% of unionised labour is affiliated to Sohyo, the General Council of Trade Unions, which supports the Japanese Socialist Party. c18% is affiliated to Domei, the Japan Confederation of Labour, which backs the moderate left-of-centre Democratic Socialists. The unions collective ‘spring offensive’ settles wages and bonuses for the bulk of the Japanese population, allowing them to share in the affluence brought about by national production.

June 1971

[17] Representatives of Japan and the United States sign the Okinawa Reversion Agreement, whereby the US will return control of Okinawa.

July 1971

[30] A mid-air collision near Shizukuishi, Japan between All Nippon Airways flight 58 and a Japan Air Self-Defense Force North America F.86 kills 162 people. The instructor and trainee pilot of the Japan Air Self- Defense Force ejected to safety.

[-] President Nixon announces his visit to Peking to restore relationships broken off with China in 1949. In Tokyo there is a receptive atmosphere to this announcement.

August 1971

[26] Mr Sato welcomed the first formal meeting of a newly created international relations study group, Kokusai Kankei Kondankai, to formulate a new China policy.

[-] The Nixon administration ends the fixed exchange rate between the dollar and other currencies, as well as the dollar’s fixed relationship to gold, and imposing a temporary surcharge of 10% on imports. These measures are chosen for the anticipated effect on Japan for acting contrary to international rules about ‘fair trade’.

September 1971

[27] Japanese Emperor Hirohito travels abroad. This is the first time a reigning emperor has travelled overseas.

October 1971

[5] Emperor Hirohito and the Empress drive in state with Queen Elizabeth along the streets of London.

December 1971

[-] Foreign Trade. Japan’s ratio of world exports is 7.6% and the ratio of world imports is 6%.

General - 1971

The Environmental Agency is set up as the central administrative body for protecting the natural environment and eliminating pollution. The Government draws up environmental quality standards.

The Offensive Odour Control Law is passed.

Japan positively redresses the problem of trade imbalances by putting a general tariff system into force - for the benefit of developing countries, contributing to expansion of their exports in Japan.

January 1972

[7-8] Mr Sato meets President Nixon at San Clemente and receives US agreement to the reversion of Okinawa on 15 May.

[12] The Government drafts the fiscal 1972 Budget of Y11,470,472 million, a 21 percent increase over 1971.

[16] Mr Schumann arrives in Japan for regular consultations.

[23-28] Mr Gromyko, Soviet Foreign Minister, visits Japan for the second Japan/Soviet talks.

[24] Mr Shoichi Yokoi, a sergeant in the Japanese Imperial Army, is discovered in the jungles of Guam after hiding there for 28 years.

[25] Mr Seijuro Arafune, Vice Speaker of the House of Representatives, resigns to take responsibility for alleged irresponsible remarks about radical students.

[28] Mr Kenzaburo Hara, Minister of Labour, resigns as a result of alleged irresponsible remarks.

February 1972

[1] The Royal Shakespeare Company tours Japan.

[3-13] The first Winter Olympic Games to be held in Asia takes place in Sapporo.

[4] The Opposition parties begin a boycott of Diet business in protest against the Government’s failure to clear Fourth Defence Plan appropriations with the National Defence Council.

[12-18] Signor Malfatti, President of EEC Executive Commission, visits Japan to discuss reciprocal trade questions.

[24] The Fifth Japan/Soviet Economic Committee announces a plan for joint development of Siberian oil resources.

[28] Five members of the radical ‘Red Army’ group are arrested and their hostage released after a 10-day siege of their hideout in Karuizawa.

[29] Mr Sato states his opinion that Taiwan is a part of Chinese territory.

March 1972

[7] The bodies of 12 radical students murdered by fellow members of the ‘Red Army’ group are discovered in mountains of Gumma Prefecture.

[8] A Government document challenges the claim of Taiwan and China to sovereignty over the Senkaku Islands.

[9-14] President Echeverria of Mexico pays a State Visit to Japan.

[10] The Opposition protests at the news that Air Self-Defence Force equipment has been shipped to Okinawa in anticipation of reversion.

[17] Foreign Minister Fukuda states that Japan accepts China’s Five Principles for Peace.

[24] The Bank of Japan extends a Y100,000 million loan to the World Bank, the largest loan in the World Bank’s history.

[28] A Democratic Socialist Party delegation leaves for a visit to China.

[30 Mar - 1 Apr] Over 100 lives are lost at sea in three days of violent spring storms.

April 1972

[3] Mitsui Heavy Industries and Ishikawa Jima Heavy Industries secure orders from the Defence Agency for 48 F4EJ Phantom jet fighters.

[4] A Foreign Ministry secretary and a newspaper reporter are arrested for their part in leaking secret Foreign Ministry telegrams about a secret US/Japan deal over the reversion of Okinawa.

[6] The first UK / Japan talks on scientific and technological collaboration begin in Tokyo.

[14] President Kiichi Aichi, chief Japanese delegate to UNCTAD, reveals Japanese plans for increased aid to and preferential treatment for developing countries.

[16] Mr Yasumari Kawabata, the Nobel Prize-winning novelist, commits suicide.

[23-27] Private railway unions stage a nationwide strike for higher wages.

[24] Mr Takeo Miki (former Foreign Minister) returns from a visit to Peking where he discussed the normalisation of Sino/Japanese relations.

[25-27] General Sir Michael Carver, CGS, visits Japan at the invitation of the Japan Defence Agency.

[28] The Budget for fiscal year 1972 is passed by the House of Councillors. Japan’s overall balance of payments surplus for fiscal year 1971 is officially estimated at $8,043 million.

May 1972

[2] The Cabinet approves a plan to hold an International Oceanic Exposition in Okinawa in 1975.

[9-14] President Soeharto of Indonesia, during an unofficial visit to Japan, secures Japanese agreement to $300 million economic assistance.

[15] At a ceremony in Tokyo attended by Vice-President Agnew and the Emperor, Okinawa reverts to the jurisdiction of Japan after 27 years of American rule.

[20] A seven-point programme designed to reduce Japan’s balance of payments surplus and ward off pressure for a further yen revaluation is drawn up by the Government.

[23-29] A Komeito delegation visiting Peking reportedly receives Mr Chou En-lai’s assurance that he is willing to discuss normalisation of relations with Mr Sato’s successor.

[30 May - 4 June] The Right Hon. John Davies, Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, visits Japan.

[31] A three-man Japanese suicide squad kills 26 people and injures more than 60 in an attack on Tel Aviv Airport.

June 1972

[1-6] A Komeito delegation visits North Korea and signs a communiqué calling for the establishment of diplomatic relations with Japan.

[6] The Economic Planning Agency announces that Japan’s GNP had increased by only 5.7 per cent over the previous year.

A book by Mr Tanaka entitled ‘Plan for Remodelling the Japanese Archipelago’ is published and becomes an immediate bestseller.

[6-10] Mr Ishkov, Soviet Minister of Fisheries, visits Japan for discussions on fishing quotas.

[9-12] Dr Henry Kissinger pays an unofficial visit to Japan.

[12-15] Lord Jellico, the Lord Privy Seal, visits Japan as a part of a demonstration tour of the British prototype Concorde.

[14] 86 people are killed in a Japan Airlines crash near New Delhi.

[17] Prime Minister Sato expresses his intention to retire.

[18] Mr Chobyo Yara, a radical candidate, is elected first Governor of Okinawa with a massive majority over his LDP rival.

[24-29] The Tokyo Foreign Exchange Market is closed as a result of the financial turmoil following the floating of sterling.

July 1972

[3] Mr Yawara Hata, a progressive independent, is elected Governor of Saitama Prefecture in a surprise victory over the LDP incumbent.

[5] Mr Kakuei Tanake is elected President of the Liberal Democratic Party, defeating Mr Takeo Fukuda in the second ballot.

[6] Mr Tanaka is named Prime Minister by the Diet.

[7] Mr Tanaka forms his first Cabinet, with Mr Masayoshi Ohira as Foreign Minister, Mr Yasuhiro Nakasone as Minister of International Trade and Industry, and Mr Takeo Miki as Deputy Prime Minister.

[10] The Shanghai Dance Drama Troupe arrives in Tokyo for a one-month tour, the first such tour since the Cultural Revolution.

[13] Through the mediation of the Minister of Transport, the Japan Seaman’s Union returns to work after a 91-day strike, the longest in Japanese history.

[15] The Japan Communist Party celebrates the 50th anniversary of its founding.

[17] Foreign Minister Ohira confirms at a meeting with the Soviet Ambassador that negotiations for a peace treaty between the two countries will start this year.

[19] Mr Tanaka declares that the time is ripe to normalise diplomatic relations with China.

[22] Mr Ohira discusses the normalisation of Sino/Japanese relations with Mr Sun Ping-hua of the China/Japan Friendship Association, who is visiting Japan with the Shanghai Ballet Troupe.

[24] The Yokkaichi District Court convicts six local firms for causing air pollution and orders them to pay Y88,211,823 in damages to local residents.

[25-28] Japan / US trade talks are held in Hakone at which Japan agrees to a partial liberalisation of commodity imports.

[26] Mr Nagasone discloses that permission will be granted for the use of Export-Import Bank funds to finance trade with China.

August 1972

[1] The Defence Agency announces its Fourth Defence Buildup plan with a budget of Y5,300,000 million, more than double that of the Third Defence Programme.

[3] The Government announces that relations with Taiwan will cease when Sino/Japanese relations are normalised.

Komeito Chairman Takeiri returns from a visit to Peking and urges the Government to begin negotiations for the restoration of relations with China.

[4] Left-wing students begin sit-down demonstrations designed to block the transport of US tanks from a repair base in Sagamihara to Vietnam.

[9] The Nagoya High Court rejects an appeal by the Mitsui Metal and Smelting Company against an order to pay Y148,2000,000 in compensation to victims of cadmium poisoning.

[16] The Shanghai Dance Drama Troupe returns to China by special Japan Airlines and All-Nippon Airways flights - the first to China by Japanese civil aircraft since the war.

[18-19] Dr Kissinger visits Tokyo to discuss bilateral relations prior to the planned Tanaka/Nixon Summit on 1 September.

[19] Tokyo University successfully launches Japan’s fourth artificial satellite into earth orbit.

September 1972

[1] Mr Tanaka meets President Nixon in Hawaii and inter alia discuses his plans to visit Peking.

[5] Sixth Japan/South Korea Ministerial Conference opens in Seoul, at which Japan agrees to extend a loan of US$170 million.

[7-8] Sir Max Brown visits Tokyo for bilateral Anglo/Japanese trade talks. (‘The September Review’).

[15] The Japanese Government announces at the OECD meeting in Paris that Japan’s balance of payments surplus on current account would be reduced within two to three years to 1 per cent of GNP.

[16-19] The Right Hon Edward Heath visits Japan (the first-ever official visit by a British Prime Minister) and has talks with Mr Tanaka and other Government leaders.

[18] An LDP delegation headed by Mr Zentaro Kosaka meets Mr Chou En-Lai in Peking and discusses Mr Tanaka’s proposed visit.

[20] An Exchange Agreement is signed between the British Academy and the Japan Academy.

[25-29] Mr Tanaka, accompanied by Mr Ohira and Mr Nikaido, Chief Cabinet Secretary, visits China and re-establishes diplomatic relations between Japan and China.

October 1972

[1] The Japan Foundation, an organisation for international cultural exchange, is inaugurated.

[9] The Government agrees on a revised budget of Y4,600,000 million for the Fourth Defence Building Plan.

[12-13] Mr Ohira, Mr Nakasone and other Ministers attend the Japan/Australia Ministerial Conference in Canberra.

[17] The Government revises the Vehicle Control Ordinance to allow the transport of US tanks from repair depots to ports.

[18] Mr Ohira meets President Nixon and Secretary of State Rogers in Washington.

[20] Two former Japanese soldiers are discovered hiding on Lubang Island in the Philippines.

The Government announces a five-point programme to reduce Japan’s balance of payments surplus, including plans for a 20 per cent tariff reduction to stimulate exports.

[21-25] Mr Ohira visits Moscow to explain Japan’s normalisation of relations with China to Mr Gromyko.

[28] Two giant pandas presented by the Chinese Government arrive in Tokyo.

[29] The 1973 Japan/China Memorandum Trade Agreement (the last such agreement) is signed in Peking.

[30] A select committee reports to the Minister of Labour recommending a five-day work week.

November 1972

[2] The Sohyo Federation complains to the ILO about the alleged infringement by the Japanese Government of unionists’ freedom of association.

[9] Mr Tanaka tells the Diet that a second yen revaluation must be prevented if serious consequences are to be avoided.

[13] The 70th Extraordinary Session of the Diet is dissolved, after passing a supplementary Budget for the fiscal year 1972 of Y1,154,000 million.

[16] The Government agrees to a US request for ‘home port’ facilities for US aircraft carriers at Yokosuka.

[20] The Government announces a general election for 10 December.

[20-26] An international conference of Japanologists takes place in Kyoto.

[23-24] Mr Osamu Kaihara, Secretary-General of the National Defence Council, visits London for talks with the MOD and Cabinet Office.

[28] The JAL airliner crashes on take-off from Moscow airport, killing 61 people.

The Taiwanese Ambassador leaves Tokyo.

[29] The Conference of World’s Great Cities hosted by Governor Minobe opens in Tokyo, attended by delegations from London, Paris, New York and Moscow.

[30] Nov General Hayao Kinugasa, Chairman of the Joint Staff Office, visits -3 Dec London.

December 1972

[5] A MITI advisory committee puts forward a Five-year Economic Plan up to the end of fiscal year 1977 which envisages and annual growth rate of 9.6 per cent for GNP, a 15 per cent per annum growth in Government investment, and a 8.5 per annum growth in private machinery and equipment investment.

[10] A general election for the House of Representatives is held; the Government is returned with a reduced majority, while Socialists and Communists make significant gains.

[11] Mr Ohira announces at the Seventh Ministerial Conference for the Economic Development of South-East Asia held in Saigon that the Japanese Government would untie its aid to developing countries.

[22] Mr Tanaka announces his second Cabinet.

[31] Japan’s foreign exchange reserves total $18,365 million, an increase of $3,130 million over the previous year.

January 1973

[6] Indian Foreign Minister Swaran Singh arrives in Tokyo.

[17] MITI Minister Nakasone leaves for visit to China.

[27] 71st Special Session of the Diet opens.

February 1973

[10-14] Foreign Exchange Market closed.

[12-15] Lord Carrington, Secretary of State for Defence, visits Japan.

[14] Bank of Japan floats the yen.

[16 Feb - 3 Mar] Sir Frederick Dainton visits Japan.

[19] Dr Henry Kissinger makes flying visit to Japan, confers with Prime Minister Tanaka and Foreign Minister Ohira.

March 1973

[2-18] Tokyo Foreign Exchange Market again closed.

[3-16] Visit to Britain by a Trading Mission, lead by Mr Matsuo (Vice President of Marunbeni Trading Company) to promote imports from Britain to Japan.

[6] Prime Minister Tanaka addresses a personal letter to Mr Brezhnev expressing his hopes for the conclusion of a Japan/USSR Peace Treaty and Japan’s interest in the development of Siberian natural resources.

[13] Riots break out at JNR commuter station in Tokyo area due to union work-to-rule, Union orders temporary halt to work-to-rule.

1973 Budget passed by Lower House.

[15] Government and Bank of Japan decide to raise bank rate by 0.5% from 4.25% during April.

[20] Kumamoto District Court finds for plaintiffs in Minamata-byo case. Orders Chiso Company to pay Y930 million.

[26] Japan and North Korea agree in principle to open trade liaison offices in each other’s capitals.

[27] Chen Chu, first Communist Chinese Ambassador to Japan, arrives by air.

[27-29] The Archbishop of Canterbury visits Japan.

[31] First Japanese Ambassador to China, Heishiro Ogawa, arrives in Peking.

Bank of Japan lifts Bank rate by 0.75% to 5% as from 2 April.

April 1973

[3] A 109-strong party of sumo-wrestlers and officials leave for a visit to China.

[10] Government announces that, in a letter to Prime Minister Chou En-lai, Mr Tanaka had proposed regular Cabinet-level meetings with the Chinese.

[11] 1973 Budget passes Upper House.

29th ECAFE General Session opens in Tokyo.

[12] Wasuke Miyake, Head of First South East Asia Division of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs leaves for Hanoi.

[16] A fifty five member group from the China/Japan Friendship Association arrives in Japan for a month long visit.

Spring wage offensive begins with widespread disruption of transport services.

[19] Government decision to postpone indefinitely the Emperor’s proposed visit to the United States.

[22-30] Sir Geoffrey Howe, Minister for Trade and Consumer Affairs, visits Japan.

[22] Masao Motoyama, the joint JSP/JCP candidate, defeats the LDP incumbent in the Nagoya Mayoral Election, removing the last conservative stronghold in the Pacific Belt of cities.

[23-27] Italian Prime Minister Guilio Andreotti visits Japan as a guest of the Japanese Government.

[25] Former Prime Minister Ishibashi dies.

5th liberalisation plans decision grants 100% capital liberalisation to all but 5 sectors, with implementation due in May.

[27] First General Strike by over 3 million employees of 68 unions, implemented from midnight ends at 1.45 through mediation.

LDP decides to present electoral reform law to Diet.

[28] Foreign Minister Ohira leaves for official visit to Yugoslavia, France and Belgium (returning on 6 May).

May 1973

[2] Foreign Minister Ohira announces that talks to open diplomatic relations with North Vietnam will shortly open in Paris.

Land Self-Defence Forces move into former United States base at Tachikawa despite strong local opposition.

[3] Announcement that President Pompidou will visit Japan in April 1974.

[3-27] The Royal Shakespeare Company perform in Tokyo.

[4] Agreement for laying of undersea cable between Japan and China reached in Peking.

[7] MITI Minister Nakasone returns from visit to Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Abu Dhabi.

[13] JCP Chairman Miyamoto is unhurt after an attack by a knife-wielding young rightist in Kumamoto.

[15] Nationwide demonstration by 550,000 people against government reform proposals.

Agreement establishing diplomatic relations between Japan and East Germany signed in Moscow.

[16] Cabinet decide not to present electoral reform proposals at present Diet session.

[1]8 Chinese delegation from the China/Japan Friendship Society leaves Tokyo.

[19-23] The Director-General of the British Council visits Japan.

[25] May Ten members of the Anglo/Japanese Parliamentary Group visit -8 Jun Japan at the invitation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

[26-30] The Rt Hon Selwyn Lloyd, Speaker of the House of Commons, visits Japan to open the British Parliamentary Exhibition.

[29] Resignation of Lower House Speaker, Nakamura, due to opposition pressure following inadvertent remarks he made about his role in achieving opposition agreement to an extension of the Diet session. Shigesaburo Maeo chosen as his successor.

Resignation of Director of the Defence Agency Masuhara following the disclosure of remarks made by him at an audience with The Emperor. Sadanori Yamanaka choses as his successor.

[30] Standing Committee Diet session returns to normal after 3 weeks of boycott by the opposition parties.

June 1973

[4] The Umewaka Noh Troupe performs in London and at Aldeburgh.

[6] Soviet Ambassador Troyanovsky makes official request for the postponement of Prime Minister Tanaka’s scheduled visit to USSR.

[18] JCP candidate wins upset victory in by-election for House of Councillors Osaka constituency.

[21] Director of Administrative Management Agency Fukuda makes first open criticism of Prime Minister Tanaka’s handling of the economy.

[30] Central Bank decides to implement 0.5% increase in Bank Rate to 6% from 2 July.

July 1973

[8] Tokyo Municipal Elections. LDP holds pre-election number of seats, JCP and Komeito grain but JSP and DSP lose ground.

[16] 9th US/Japan Joint Committee on Trade and Economic Affairs attended by Messrs Rogers, Dent and Volker, meets in Tokyo.

[21-27] A JAL jumbo jet is hijacked after take-off from Amsterdam Airport and, after stops in Dubai and Damascus, is blown up at Benghazi Airport. All passengers are released unharmed.

[31] Prime Minister Tanaka begins 2-day summit talks with President Nixon in Washington.

August 1973

[8] South Korean opposition leader, Kim Dae Jung, is kidnapped from his hotel room in Tokyo, to be released at his home in Seoul 6 days later.

[17] First round of talks towards a Sino/Japanese Agreement on Trade and Industry opens.

[24] Government announces postponement of 7th Regular Japan/South Korean Ministerial consultations, scheduled for 7 September ‘due to the present situation’.

[28] Bank Rate is raised to 7%.

September 1973

[5] Japanese police reportedly discover fingerprints of South Korean diplomat in the hotel room from which Kim Dae Jung was abducted.

[7] Magistrate Fukushima of the Sapporo District Court rules that the present Self-Defence Force is unconstitutional under Article 9 of the Constitution.

[11] Rt Hon Peter Walker, Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, arrives in Tokyo for the GATT Ministerial Meeting and talks with Japanese Ministers.

[12-14] GATT Ministerial Meeting. Closes with ‘Tokyo Declaration’.

[17-18] Sir Christopher Soames, Vice President of the European Commission, holds talks with Japanese Ministers.

[20-26] Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Kent visit Japan to open the British Export Marketing Centre in Tokyo.

[26] Prime Minister Tanaka leaves for a visit to France, Britain (29 September to 3 October), West Germany and the USSR.

[27] 71st Special Session of the Diet ends with most of the Government legislation approved.

October 1973

[3] Announcement (at the end of Mr Tanaka’s visit to London) that Her Majesty the Queen will pay a State Visit to Japan in May 1975.

[5] US Aircraft carrier ‘Midway’ arrives in Yokosuka which will be her home port, after large-scale demonstrations by opposition groups.

[6] The 4th International Aerospace Show is held with British aircraft participating.

[10] Chinese Economic and Trade Mission arrive in Japan for a one month visit.

[11] 8th South East Asian Ministerial Conference for Development opens in Tokyo.

[21] Prime Minister Tanaka announces plans to build a new super-express railway network at a cost of £10,000 million.

[22-23] Meeting in Tokyo of the Trilateral Commission, unofficial body sponsored by Mr David Rockefeller to increase contacts between the EEC, the United States and Japan.

[24] Club of Rome Convention opens in Tokyo.

[29] Japan/Australian Ministerial Meeting opens in Tokyo, attended by Australian Prime Minister Mr Whitlam.

The Space Development Committee approves a project to develop Japan’s own experimental communications and broadcasting satellites in 1976.

November 1973

[2] South Korean Prime Minister Kim Jung Pil visits Japan to offer apologies to Japanese Government over Kim Dae Jung case. Japanese government promises restoration of economic aid.

[14] Government decision that 1974 consumer rice price will be raised by 9.8% for April 1974 and the wheat price by 35% from December 1973.

Secretary of State Kissinger arrives in Japan for 2-day visit.

[22] Government formally decides new Japanese policy on the Middle East crisis and announces Japanese stand based on condemnation of acquisition of territory by force and full return of all territory occupied by Israel in 1967 war.

[23] Death of Finance Minister Aichi.

[25] Prime Minister Tanaka announces formation of new Cabinet with Takeo Fukuda, his arch-rival and advocate of stable growth economic policy, as Finance Minister.

December 1973

[1] 72nd Regular Session of the Diet opens.

[2-6] Visit of Mr P Carey, Department of Trade and Industry Assistant Secretary in charge of Industrial Development, to discuss investment co-operation between Britain and Japan.

[10] Deputy Prime Minister Miki leaves for a visit to a number of Arab countries as a special emissary of the Japanese Government.

[14] 1973 Supplementary Budget passed by the Diet.

[26] One-day Japan /Korea Ministerial meeting held in Tokyo.

[31] Discount rate increased from 7% to 9%.

Sources for Chronology for 1971

Beasley, W G, The Rise of Modern Japan, Political, Economic and Social Change since 1850, 2000, third edition, London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

Johnson, Chalmers, Japan: Who Governs? The Rise of the Developmental State, 1995, United States of America, W W Norton & Company.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Japan of Today, 1979, printed in Japan.

Storry, Richard, The History of Modern Japan, 1990, reprinted, London, Penguin Books, first published in Pelican Books 1960, reprinted with revisions 1961, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1982.

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